emca fails with "Database instance is unavailable" though available

The following example shows the symptoms of failure, and the exact error message.

$ emca -repos create

...
Password for SYSMAN user:  

Do you wish to continue? [yes(Y)/no(N)]: Y
Nov 19, 2012 10:33:42 AM oracle.sysman.emcp.DatabaseChecks checkDbAvailabilityImpl
WARNING: ORA-01034: ORACLE not available

Nov 19, 2012 10:33:42 AM oracle.sysman.emcp.DatabaseChecks throwDBUnavailableException
SEVERE: 
Database instance is unavailable. Fix the ORA error thrown and run EM Configuration Assistant again.

Some of the possible reasons may be : 

1) Database may not be up. 
2) Database is started setting environment variable ORACLE_HOME with trailing '/'. Reset ORACLE_HOME and bounce the database. 

For eg. Database is started setting environment variable ORACLE_HOME=/scratch/db/ . Reset ORACLE_HOME=/scratch/db  and bounce the database.

Fix:

Ensure that the ORACLE_HOME is pointing to the right location in $ORACLE_HOME/bin/emca file.

Rather than installing from scratch, if ORACLE_HOME was copied over from another location, likely it results in wrong location for ORACLE_HOME in several Enterprise Manager (EM) specific scripts and files. It usually happens when the directory structure on the target machine is not identical to the structure on the original/source machine, including the top level directory location where Oracle RDBMS was installed properly using the installer.